MULLEIN, Verbascum thapsus

Common Names:  Mullein, Common Mullein, Great Mullein, Velvet Plant, Flannel Plant, Torchweed

Latin Name:  Verbascum   thapsus

Plant Family:  Scrophulariaceae   (Figwort family)

Parts Used:  Leaves (primary), Flowers, Roots (less common)

Primary Actions:  Expectorant, demulcent, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial

Best Preparations:  Infusion (tea), infused oil, tincture, poultice

Safety Rating:  Generally recognized as safe

Grown at Wild Clover Farm:  Yes - grown wild, self-sown

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is one of the most recognizable medicinal herbs once you know what to look for. Found throughout temperate regions worldwide, this distinctive biennial plant is unmistakable due to its fuzzy, gray-green leaves and tall yellow flower spikes.

What Mullein Looks Like:

Mullein changes dramatically between its two life stages, which can confuse identification:

First Year (Rosette Stage):

· Low-growing rosette of large leaves hugging the ground

· Leaves 6-12 inches long, densely covered in soft, velvety white hairs

· Gray-green color due to the fuzzy coating

· Thick, somewhat succulent-feeling leaves despite the fuzz

· Leaves radiate out from a central point

· Overwinters as this rosette in temperate climates

Second Year (Flowering Stalk):

· Dramatic transformation as plant "bolts"

· Tall flower stalk shoots up 4-6 feet (sometimes 8+ feet in ideal conditions!)

· Entire stalk covered in same fuzzy texture as leaves

· Bright yellow, five-petaled flowers bloom progressively up the stalk

· Flowers open a few at a time over several weeks

· After flowering and setting seed, the entire plant dies

Distinctive Features for Identification:

· The fuzz: Soft, dense, velvety hairs cover all parts - this is THE unmistakable tactile identifier

· The taproot: Deep, thick taproot (can reach 2-3 feet down)

· The scent: Mild, slightly sweet when leaves are crushed

· The seeds: Tiny, numerous (thousands per plant), remain viable for decades in soil

Origins & Naturalization:

Mullein is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa but has naturalized extensively across North America, temperate Asia, Australia, and other regions. It thrives so well in its adopted homes that many people assume it's native.

Where Mullein Grows:

Mullein is a "pioneer plant" or "disturbed soil specialist" - it colonizes areas where soil has been turned over, cleared, or otherwise disturbed:

Common Locations Worldwide:

· Roadsides and ditches

· Pastures and fields (especially overgrazed or recently cleared)

· Construction sites and disturbed ground

· Fence lines and field margins

· Railroad tracks and industrial sites

· Abandoned lots and waste areas

· Gardens (sometimes as a volunteer)

Why Mullein Loves Disturbed Soil:

· Seeds remain dormant in soil for decades (some studies suggest 50-100+ years)

· Disturbance brings buried seeds to surface where light triggers germination

· Bare soil means less competition from established plants

· Deep taproot easily penetrates newly-worked soil

· Pioneer role: prepares soil for other plants through mineral cycling

Climate & Growing Conditions:

Mullein is remarkably adaptable and grows in USDA zones 3-9, tolerating a wide range of conditions:

Sunlight: Full sun (6+ hours direct sunlight daily) – essential


Soil Type: Extremely tolerant - grows in clay, sand, loam, rocky soil, poor soil

· Actually prefers lean soil over rich, heavily fertilized beds

· Rich soil produces excessive leaf growth but weaker medicinal properties


Drainage: Good drainage is the only critical requirement - will not tolerate standing water


Temperature: Cold-hardy and heat-tolerant once established

· Needs winter cold (cold stratification) to trigger flowering

· Drought-tolerant in summer heat


Moisture: Moderate - tolerates both wet springs and dry summers

Understanding Mullein's Life Cycle:

Mullein is a biennial - it takes two full years to complete its life cycle:

Year 1 (Vegetative Phase):

· Seeds germinate in late summer/fall or early spring (depending on climate)

· Forms low rosette of fuzzy leaves

· Focuses energy on root development (taproot grows deep)

· Overwinters as rosette (very cold-hardy)

· No flowering occurs this year

Year 2 (Reproductive Phase):

• Rosette emerges from winter dormancy

• Sends up tall flowering stalk in spring

• Flowers bloom in summer

• Sets thousands of seeds

• Entire plant dies after seed production is complete

Key Understanding: First-year mullein looks nothing like second-year mullein - this confuses many foragers!

Growing from Seed:

When to Plant:

• Late summer through fall (mimics natural cycle) OR

• Very early spring after last frost

• Timing depends on your climate zone

How to Plant:

1. Scatter seeds on bare, prepared soil

2. Press lightly into surface - do not bury seeds

3. Mullein seeds need light exposure to germinate

4. Keep soil moist (not soggy) until germination

5. Germination occurs in 2-3 weeks with adequate moisture

6. Thin seedlings to 12-18 inches apart once established

Seed Tips:

• Seeds are extremely tiny - mix with sand for easier, more even distribution

• Mullein self-sows prolifically once established

• Seeds can remain viable in soil for many decades

• Each plant produces thousands of seeds

Site Selection:

Sunlight: Full sun (6+ hours) - non-negotiable for healthy growth
Soil: Nearly any soil type works, but preferences:

• Well-drained (critical)

• Slightly alkaline to neutral pH (6.0-7.5 ideal)

• Lean to moderately fertile (avoid over-fertilization)


Space: Allow 12-18 inches per mature plant
Location:Choose permanent spot - difficult to relocate once taproot establishes (usually by 6-8 weeks)

Care Requirements (Minimal!):

One of mullein's greatest advantages is its low-maintenance nature:

Watering:

• Water regularly during establishment (first 3-4 weeks)

• Once taproot develops, watering becomes unnecessary

• Established plants are highly drought-tolerant

• Taproot seeks deep water sources

Fertilizing:

• Not recommended

• Mullein actually performs better in poor to moderate soil

• Rich soil = excessive vegetative growth, reduced medicinal potency

Weeding:

• Minimal weeding needed

• Mullein's large leaves shade out most competition, especially in year two

• First-year rosettes may need some weed management

Pests & Diseases:

• Few significant pest problems

• Deer occasionally browse young rosettes

• Generally disease-free

• Very resilient plant

What to Harvest & When:

LEAVES (Primary medicinal part):

• First-year harvest: Late summer through fall (rosette stage)

• Second-year harvest: Spring before flowering stalk fully develops

• Best timing: After morning dew has evaporated, before midday heat

• Method:Cut or carefully pull outer leaves, leaving center rosette intact for continued growth

• Yield:Multiple harvests possible from each plant

FLOWERS:

• Timing:Second-year summer as individual flowers open

• Best time: Morning after dew dries but before heat intensifies

• Method:Pluck individual flowers as they bloom (they open progressively over weeks)

• Challenge:Requires multiple harvests as flowers don't all open simultaneously

• Drying:Must be dried quickly to preserve yellow color and medicinal properties

ROOTS:

• Timing:First-year fall after aerial parts die back

• Method:Dig deeply - taproots extend 2-3 feet down

• Use:Less commonly used than leaves/flowers, but valued in some herbal traditions

• Challenge:Labor-intensive to harvest

Important Harvesting Notes:

The Fuzz Can Irritate:

• Mullein's soft, velvety hairs can irritate sensitive skin or airways

• Wear gloves during harvest if you're sensitive

• Don't inhale dried leaf dust when processing

• Always strain tea preparations through fine cloth or coffee filter to remove tiny hairs

Sustainable Harvesting Practices:

• Leave at least 30% of plants unharvested to ensure reseeding

• Don't harvest entire first-year rosettes - take outer leaves only

• Harvest leaves from multiple plants rather than stripping one plant

• Allow some second-year plants to complete flowering and seed production

Drying & Storage:

Leaves:

• Lay flat on drying screens in single layer

• Dry in warm (70-90°F), dark, well-ventilated space

• Turn occasionally for even drying

• Fully dry when leaves are crumbly (typically 1-2 weeks depending on humidity)

• Store in airtight containers away from light and moisture

• Shelf life: 1-2 years with proper storage

Flowers:

• Dry quickly to preserve vibrant yellow color

• Use dehydrator at low temperature (95-100°F) OR

• Spread thinly on screens in very warm, dry location

• Check daily - flowers dry quickly but can mold in humid conditions

• Store carefully in airtight containers - dried flowers are delicate

• Shelf life: 1 year (color may fade but medicinal properties remain)

Roots:

• Clean thoroughly, removing all soil

• Chop into small pieces for faster drying

• Dry completely before storing (roots hold moisture and can mold)

• Store in airtight containers

• Shelf life: 2-3 years

Primary Traditional Uses:

1. Respiratory Support (Most well-known and common use)

• Traditionally used for coughs, bronchial irritation, and lung congestion

• Historical applications for chronic coughs, asthma symptoms, bronchitis

• The mucilage content soothes irritated respiratory tissues

• Expectorant properties help mobilize and expel mucus

• Both leaves and flowers used (as tea or tincture)

• Valued in both European and North American folk medicine traditions

2. Ear Oil (Flowers)

• Traditional remedy for earaches in many cultures

• Flowers infused in olive oil

• Applied topically around ear (never directly in ear canal if eardrum is perforated)

• Often combined with garlic for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Widely used in folk medicine and by contemporary herbalists

3. Topical Applications (Leaves)

• Poultices for bruises, wounds, minor injuries

• Anti-inflammatory applications for swelling and joint pain

• Vulnerary (wound-healing) properties recognized in traditional use

• Historically used for hemorrhoids

• Applied to sprains and strains

4. Other Historical Uses:

• "Torchweed":Dried stalks dipped in fat or resin, used as torches (highly flammable)

• Tinder:Fuzzy leaves used as fire-starting material (catches spark easily)

• Dye plant: Yellow dye extracted from flowers

Energetics & Traditional Classification:

Temperature: Cool to neutral


Moisture: Moist, demulcent


Taste: Slightly sweet, mucilaginous


Tissue Affinities: Lungs, respiratory system, ears, lymphatic system


Constitutional Uses: Historically used for "cold" and "damp" respiratory conditions

Primary Herbal Actions:

Expectorant: Facilitates movement and expulsion of mucus from respiratory tract


Demulcent: Soothes and protects irritated mucous membranes through mucilage content


Vulnerary: Promotes wound healing and tissue repair


Anti-inflammatory: Reduces inflammation both topically and internally


Antimicrobial: Exhibits mild antibacterial and antiviral properties


Lymphatic: Supports lymphatic movement and drainage (flowers especially)


Anodyne: Mild pain-relieving properties (topical applications)

1. Mullein Leaf Tea (Infusion)

Most common and traditional preparation

Basic Recipe:

• 1-2 teaspoons dried mullein leaf (or 2-3 fresh leaves, torn)

• 8 oz freshly boiled water

• Steep covered 10-15 minutes

• Strain thoroughly through fine cloth, coffee filter, or very fine mesh strainer

• Drink up to 3 cups daily for respiratory support

Critical: Always strain tea well to remove tiny leaf hairs that can irritate throat and digestive tract

Taste Profile: Mild, slightly sweet, smooth/silky texture from mucilage content

Variations:

• Combine with peppermint for flavor and additional respiratory support

• Add honey to soothe throat further

• Blend with other respiratory herbs (thyme, licorice, elecampane)

2. Mullein Flower Oil

Traditional ear oil preparation

Traditional Recipe:

• Fill small glass jar 1/2 to 3/4 full with fresh mullein flowers (or dried if fresh unavailable)

• Cover completely with high-quality olive oil

o Fresh flower method:Place in warm, sunny window for 2-3 weeks, shaking jar daily, then strain through fine cloth

o Dried flower method:Can use dried flowers, but fresh flowers are traditional

o Store in dark glass bottle away from light and heat

o Shelf life: approximately 1 year

Uses:

• Ear oil for earaches: 2-3 drops in affected ear 2-3 times daily

• Often combined with crushed fresh garlic for enhanced antimicrobial action

• Can be used topically for minor wounds, bruises, and skin irritations

Safety Note: Never use in ear if eardrum is perforated or if there's drainage from the ear

3. Mullein Tincture

Concentrated liquid extract

Folk Method (1:5 ratio):

• Fill jar 1/3 to 1/2 full with dried mullein leaf

• Cover completely with 80-100 proof alcohol (vodka or brandy)

• Cap tightly, label with herb name and date

• Shake daily for 4-6 weeks

• Store in cool, dark place during maceration

• Strain through fine cloth, pressing to extract all liquid

• Bottle in dark glass, label with date and ingredients

Dosage: 30-60 drops (1-2 dropperfuls) in water, 3 times daily

Advantages: Concentrated form, long shelf life (4-5 years), convenient dosing

4. Mullein Poultice (Fresh or dried leaves)

External application for injuries

Method:

• Soften fresh leaves briefly in hot water OR

• Reconstitute dried leaves with warm water to create paste

• Apply directly to affected area

• Cover with clean cloth or bandage

• Leave in place 30 minutes to several hours

• Reapply as needed

Uses: Bruises, joint pain, swelling, minor wounds, sprains

Tip: The fuzzy leaves can be irritating to some skin types - test on small area first

Safety Rating: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)

Mullein is considered one of the safest medicinal herbs with an extensive history of traditional use and minimal documented adverse effects.

General Safety Profile:

• Safe for adults in standard doses 

• Safe for children in age-appropriate doses


• Safe for elderly populations


• Traditionally used during pregnancy (consult healthcare provider)


• Traditionally used during breastfeeding (consult healthcare provider)


• No known significant drug interactions documented
 

• Very low allergen potential

Important Cautions & Considerations:

The Hairs Can Cause Irritation:

• Always strain tea thoroughly through fine cloth, coffee filter, or multiple layers of cheesecloth

• Tiny plant hairs (trichomes) can irritate throat, mouth, and digestive tract if not properly strained

• Can cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals during harvest or handling

• Don't inhale dried leaf dust when processing herbs

• Some people experience itching when handling fresh plants - wear gloves if sensitive

Ear Oil Application Precautions:

• Never use if eardrum is perforated or damaged

• Don't insert anything into the ear canal itself

• Apply oil around outer ear or just inside ear opening

• If ear symptoms worsen, persist beyond a few days, or if there's drainage, seek medical evaluation

• Children with ear infections should be evaluated by healthcare provider

Rare Allergic Reactions:

• While uncommon, allergic reactions are possible in individuals sensitive to the Scrophulariaceae family

• Symptoms might include: rash, itching, respiratory distress, or digestive upset

• Discontinue use immediately if any allergic symptoms occur

No Known Contraindications For:

• Pregnancy/breastfeeding (though always consult healthcare provider)

• Children (with age-appropriate dosing)

• Concurrent medication use (no documented interactions)

• Most medical conditions

When to Avoid or Use Extra Caution:

• Known allergy to mullein or plants in the Scrophulariaceae family

• Perforated or damaged eardrum (for topical ear oil application)

• Severe asthma in rare cases (isolated reports of sensitivity - consult with herbalist)

• Any condition requiring medical supervision should involve healthcare provider consultation

Quality & Harvesting Safety:

• Only harvest mullein from clean areas away from:

• Roadside exhaust contamination

• Agricultural chemical spraying

• Industrial pollution

• Known contaminated sites

• Properly identify plant before harvesting or using

• Use reputable sources if purchasing commercially

My Experience Growing & Using Mullein:

At Wild Clover Farm, mullein is one of those plants that shows up as a volunteer and quickly becomes a treasured part of the herbal garden. I've learned to welcome it rather than treat it as a weed, and it rewards that acceptance abundantly.

What I've Observed Over the Years:

• Mullein appears uninvited wherever we've turned soil or created open growing space

• First-year rosettes are remarkably winter-hardy, persisting through ice storms and temperature swings

• Second-year flowering stalks shoot up quickly once warm weather arrives

• Flowering continues for weeks as blooms open progressively up the tall stalk

• Seeds scatter prolifically - new rosettes appear throughout the following year

• The deep taproot visibly improves soil structure over time

Why I've Come to Love Mullein:

• Zero maintenance required- it truly asks nothing from me

• Soil improvement- that substantial taproot breaks up compacted soil and mines deep minerals

• Pollinator support- bees and beneficial insects visit the flowers enthusiastically

• Abundant medicine- plentiful harvest of valuable respiratory herb

• Teaching opportunities- perfect example of how "weeds" can be allies

• Vertical beauty- those tall yellow flower stalks create striking architectural elements in the summer garden

Transplanting Insights: When mullein volunteers appear in vegetable beds where they're not wanted, I transplant first-year rosettes to more suitable locations. The key is digging deeply (minimum 8-12 inches) to preserve as much of the taproot as possible. Water transplants well and they usually establish successfully. Best timing is fall or very early spring before the taproot becomes too established.

Harvesting at Wild Clover Farm: We harvest both leaves from first-year rosettes in fall and flowers from second-year plants in summer. I dry everything in our herb processing space and use the dried material for teas, infused oils, and educational workshops. When properly dried quickly, the flowers retain much of their brilliant yellow color and make beautiful additions to herbal blends.

Mullein is widely available for foraging in many temperate regions, but responsible harvesting practices are essential:

Foraging Guidelines:

Positive Identification (Essential):

• Learn to identify mullein with 100% certainty before harvesting

• The distinctive fuzzy leaves and yellow flower spikes are characteristic

• When in doubt, don't harvest - consult experienced foragers or field guides

• Take time to observe the plant through both years of its life cycle

Choose Clean, Uncontaminated Locations:

• Avoid:Roadsides (vehicle exhaust, salt, petroleum contamination)

• Avoid:Industrial areas and brownfield sites

• Avoid:Areas potentially sprayed with herbicides or pesticides

• Avoid:Near agricultural fields where drift spray might occur

• Prefer:Clean pastures, natural areas, woodlands edges, your own property

• Prefer:Organic farms or chemical-free managed land (with permission)

Harvest Sustainably:

• Take only what you will actually use

• Leave at least 30% of population unharvested for ecosystem health

• Harvest from multiple plants rather than depleting one location

• Allow adequate reseeding to maintain future populations

• Consider the needs of wildlife that may also use the plant

Respect Property Rights & Regulations:

• Always obtain explicit permission before harvesting on private land

• Don't harvest in state parks, nature preserves, or protected areas

• Check local regulations regarding wild plant harvest

• Be a good steward - leave areas cleaner than you found them

Ethical Harvesting:

• Use sharp, clean tools for harvesting

• Minimize damage to surrounding plants and ecosystem

• Don't trample or damage habitat while foraging

• Share knowledge respectfully with other foragers

• Consider giving back through habitat restoration or conservation efforts

Q: Is mullein invasive?
A: While mullein is non-native to North America, it's typically not classified as invasive in most regions. It prefers disturbed soils and doesn't generally displace native plants in undisturbed natural habitats. However, it does spread readily through prolific seed production. Local regulations may vary - check your regional plant lists.

Q: How can I control mullein if it spreads too much in my garden?
A: Mullein is easily controlled. Remove first-year rosettes by digging up the taproot before they flower or cut second-year flower stalks before they set seed. Since mullein is biennial and dies after flowering, preventing seed production stops future generations. Hand-pulling first-year plants is very effective.

Q: Does mullein have any look-alikes? 

A: Mullein is quite distinctive, especially once you've felt the characteristic velvety texture. First-year rosettes might be confused with other fuzzy-leaved plants before the flower stalk appears, but the dense, soft, gray-green fuzz is unmistakable. The tall yellow flower spike in year two is unique. Always verify identification through multiple characteristics.

Q: Can I grow mullein in containers? 

A: Not practically. Mullein's taproot can extend 2-3 feet deep, requiring ground planting for healthy development. Container growing would severely restrict this essential root system. Mullein is best suited to in-ground cultivation.

Q: Why do some people call mullein "cowboy toilet paper"? 

A: This nickname refers to mullein's large, soft leaves. However, this use is not recommended - the tiny hairs can cause significant irritation to sensitive skin and mucous membranes.

Q: Is mullein the same as "lambs ear"? 

A: No. While both have fuzzy leaves, they're different plants. Mullein is Verbascum thapsus with tall yellow flower spikes. Lamb's ear is Stachys byzantinawith purple flowers and remains low-growing. Both are fuzzy, but mullein's leaves are much larger and grayer.

Q: Can I harvest mullein from roadside ditches? 

A: It's not recommended. Roadside plants accumulate exhaust pollutants, road salt, petroleum products, and potential herbicide spray. While mullein is abundant along roadsides, choose cleaner locations for medicinal harvest - your own property, clean pastures, or designated foraging areas.

Q: How long do mullein seeds remain viable in soil? 

A: Mullein seeds are remarkably long-lived, remaining viable in soil for 50-100+ years according to some studies. This is why disturbing old soil often brings up mullein seedlings - the seeds were patiently waiting.

Respiratory Relief Tea Blend

A synergistic blend for coughs, congestion, and respiratory support:

• 2 parts mullein leaf

• 1 part peppermint leaf

• 1 part licorice root (*the key active compound, glycyrrhizin, can cause side effects in some people, for individuals with these concerns, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) products are commercially available)

• 1/2 part thyme leaf

Steep 1 tablespoon blend per 8 oz cup, covered, 10-15 minutes. Strain very well. Drink 3 cups daily for acute respiratory symptoms, or 1-2 cups daily as ongoing support.

Traditional Mullein-Garlic Ear Oil

Classic folk remedy for earaches:

• Fresh mullein flowers (enough to half-fill a small jar)

• 2-3 cloves fresh garlic, minced or crushed

• High-quality olive oil

Fill jar halfway with flowers, add crushed garlic, cover completely with oil. Place in warm, sunny location for 2-3 weeks, shaking daily. Strain thoroughly through fine cloth. Store in dark glass bottle. Use 2-3 drops in affected ear 2-3 times daily (never use if eardrum is perforated).

Soothing Chest Rub Salve (External use)

Respiratory support salve for congestion:

• Mullein-infused oil (base)

• Beeswax for consistency (approximately 1 oz wax per 8 oz oil)

• Optional: 10-15 drops each eucalyptus, peppermint, or rosemary essential oil

Gently warm oil, add beeswax, stir until melted. Remove from heat, add essential oils if using. Pour into tins, allow to cool completely. Rub on chest and upper back for respiratory congestion relief.

Mullein Honey Syrup

Traditional cough syrup:

• Fresh or dried mullein leaves

• Raw honey

• Optional: fresh thyme, ginger

Layer mullein (and other herbs if using) with honey in jar. Let infuse 2-4 weeks in cool, dark place. Strain. Take 1-2 teaspoons as needed for cough support. Store refrigerated, use within 3-6 months.

 Recommended Texts:

• Gladstar, Rosemary. Herbal Recipes for Vibrant Health: 175 Teas, Tonics, Oils, Salves, Tinctures, and Other Natural Remedies for the Entire Family

• Wood, Matthew. The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants

• Tierra, Michael. The Way of Herbs: Fully Updated with the Latest Developments in Herbal Science

• Hoffman, David. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine

• Grieve, Mrs. M. A Modern Herbal (1931, still valuable reference)

Scientific Literature:

• Various peer-reviewed studies on mullein's expectorant, demulcent, and antimicrobial properties (available through PubMed and herbalism journals)

Identification & Field Guides:

• Peterson Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs

• Regional wildflower and medicinal plant guides specific to your area

Important Notice: This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Mullein has a long history of traditional use, but individual results may vary. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before using herbal products, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition. The author and Wild Clover Farm assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of this information.

Last Updated: December 2024


Author:Lisa Shelden, Wild Clover Farm


Growing Zone Reference: USDA Zones 3-9 (adaptable to most temperate climates)


Farm Location: Central United States, Zone 7b

Common Names: Calendula, Pot Marigold, Common Marigold, Scotch Marigold, Ruddles 

Latin Name: Calendula officinalis

Plant Family: Asteraceae (Daisy/Composite family) 

Parts Used: Flowers (petals and whole flower heads) 

Primary Actions: Vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, lymphatic, astringent 

Best Preparations: Infused oil, salve, cream, infusion (tea), tincture 

Safety Rating: Extremely safe, suitable for all ages 

Grown at Wild Clover Farm: Yes - a garden staple! 

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is one of the most beloved and widely-used medicinal herbs in the world. Often called "pot marigold," calendula is not a true marigold (Tagetes species) but belongs to the daisy family. Its cheerful orange and yellow flowers have graced gardens and healing traditions for centuries.

What Calendula Looks Like:

Flowers (The medicinal part):

• Bright orange to golden yellow blooms

• Daisy-like flower heads, 2-4 inches across

• Multiple layers of petals (ray florets) surrounding central disc

• Slightly sticky/resinous texture when fresh

• Pleasant, mild herbal scent (not strongly fragrant)

• Flowers open in morning, close at night or in cloudy weather

Plant Habit:

• Annual or short-lived perennial (depends on climate)

• Grows 12-24 inches tall

• Bushy, branching growth habit

• Produces flowers continuously from spring through frost

• Self-seeds readily in favorable conditions

Leaves:

• Oblong to lance-shaped

• 2-6 inches long

• Slightly fuzzy/hairy texture

• Pale to medium green

• Alternate arrangement on stems

• Somewhat sticky when touched

Stems:

• Hollow, somewhat succulent

• Light green, often with purple tinge

• Branching freely from base

• Can become woody at base in long growing seasons

Important Distinction:

Calendula vs. Marigold: While calendula is called "pot marigold," it is NOT the same as common garden marigolds (Tagetes species). French and African marigolds have a strong, pungent smell and are not used medicinally in the same way. Always verify you're growing Calendula officinalis for medicinal use.

Origins:

Calendula is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region but has been cultivated worldwide for centuries. It has naturalized in temperate regions across the globe and is now grown on every continent except Antarctica.

Where Calendula Thrives:

Calendula is remarkably adaptable and grows successfully in diverse climates:

Natural & Garden Habitats:

• Home gardens (most common cultivation)

• Herb gardens and medicinal plant beds

• Cottage gardens and ornamental borders

• Cut flower gardens

• Companion planting in vegetable gardens

• Naturalized in waste areas and roadsides in some regions

• Commercial herb farms

Climate Tolerance:

• Cool season annual in most climates

• Prefers moderate temperatures (60-70°F ideal)

• Tolerates light frost

• Can struggle in extreme heat (>85°F sustained)

• Performs beautifully in spring and fall

• In mild winter climates, can bloom year-round

Climate & Growing Conditions:

Calendula grows successfully in USDA zones 2-11 but performs best as a cool-season crop:

Sunlight:Full sun to partial shade

• Full sun in cooler climates

• Afternoon shade appreciated in hot climates

• Minimum 4-6 hours direct sun for best flowering

Soil Requirements:

• Prefers well-drained, moderately fertile soil

• pH: 6.0-7.0 (slightly acidic to neutral)

• Tolerates poor to average soil

• Avoid overly rich soil (excessive nitrogen = more leaves, fewer flowers)

• Good drainage essential - doesn't tolerate waterlogged conditions

Temperature Preferences:

• Ideal growing range: 60-70°F

• Tolerates light frost (down to 25-28°F)

• Heat-sensitive: flowering declines when temperatures exceed 85°F consistently

• Often planted as cool-season annual (spring and fall)

Water Needs:

1. Moderate, consistent moisture

2. Water when top inch of soil dries

3. Avoid overhead watering (can promote fungal issues)

4. More drought-tolerant once established

5. Reduce watering as temperatures cool in fall

Growing from Seed:

Calendula is exceptionally easy to grow from seed - perfect for beginning gardeners!

When to Plant:

• Spring planting:2-4 weeks before last frost date (calendula tolerates cold!)

• Fall planting:6-8 weeks before first frost for late season blooms

• Succession planting:Sow every 2-3 weeks for continuous harvest

• Direct sowing preferred(transplants well but direct sowing is easier)

How to Plant:

• Prepare seedbed by loosening soil to 6 inches deep

• Sow seeds 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep

• Space seeds 6-12 inches apart (or sow thick and thin later)

• Cover lightly with soil

• Water gently but thoroughly

• Keep soil consistently moist until germination

• Germination occurs in 5-14 days

Seed Tips:

• Seeds are crescent or curved-shaped (distinctive appearance)

• Each seed is actually a dried flower ovary

• Fresh seeds germinate more reliably than old seeds

• Save your own seeds easily - they dry on the plant

• Seeds remain viable 3-5 years with proper storage

Transplanting:

• Start indoors 4-6 weeks before last frost if desired

• Transplant after hardening off

• Handle carefully - calendula doesn't love root disturbance

• Water well after transplanting

Site Selection:

Location:Choose spot based on climate

• Full sun in zones 2-7

• Morning sun/afternoon shade in zones 8-11

• Near vegetable garden (attracts beneficials, deters pests)

Spacing:

• 8-12 inches apart for medicinal production

• Closer spacing (6 inches) works for intensive harvest

• Allow good air circulation to prevent fungal issues

Companion Planting: ✓ Excellent companions: tomatoes, asparagus, roses, lettuce ✓Attracts beneficial insects: parasitic wasps, ladybugs, hoverflies ✓May help deter aphids, whiteflies, and some beetles ✓Makes good trap crop for aphids

Care Requirements:

Watering:

• Keep soil consistently moist but not soggy

• Water at soil level (avoid wetting flowers)

• 1 inch per week generally adequate

• Reduce watering in cool, cloudy weather

• Increase slightly during peak heat

Fertilizing:

• Light feeders - don't over-fertilize

• Compost worked into soil at planting is usually sufficient

• If needed: light application of balanced organic fertilizer mid-season

• Too much nitrogen = leafy plants with few flowers

Deadheading & Harvesting:

• Regular harvesting encourages more blooms

• Deadhead spent flowers if not harvesting all

• Plants can produce flowers for 3-4 months with regular cutting

• Leave some flowers to set seed if you want self-sowing

Mulching:

• Light mulch helps retain moisture

• Keep mulch away from plant crown (prevent rot)

• Mulch particularly helpful in hot climates

Pest & Disease Management:

• Generally pest-resistant

• Watch for aphids (spray off with water or use insecticidal soap)

• Powdery mildew possible in humid conditions with poor air circulation

• Slugs occasionally damage young plants

• Prevent fungal issues: proper spacing, avoid overhead watering, ensure good drainage

Harvesting for Self-Seeding:

If you want calendula to return year after year:

• Allow some flowers to mature completely on plant

• Flowers will dry and produce curved seed clusters

• Seeds fall to ground naturally

• Volunteer seedlings appear following spring

• Can also collect dried seeds and scatter where desired

What to Harvest:

FLOWERS (entire medicinal focus): The flowers - both petals and whole flower heads - contain calendula's medicinal constituents. All parts of the flower are used.

When Flowers Are Ready:

• Harvest when flowers are fully open

• Peak bloom = peak medicine

• Choose flowers in prime condition (not faded or damaged)

• Harvest throughout growing season

• Regular harvesting promotes continued flowering

Best Harvesting Practices:

Timing During Day:

• Optimal:Mid-morning after dew has dried completely

• Avoid early morning (wet flowers difficult to dry, may mold)

• Avoid midday heat (flowers may be wilted)

• Dry flowers are essential for proper drying

Timing During Season:

• Begin harvesting when first flowers reach full bloom

• Harvest 2-3 times per week during peak season

• Continue until frost kills plants

• Regular harvesting = maximum flower production

Harvesting Method:

• Grasp flower head just below the base

• Pinch or snip off entire flower head including green base (calyx)

• OR pinch off just petals if desired (though whole flower is more potent)

• Place gently in basket (don't crush flowers)

• Process promptly - fresh flowers deteriorate quickly

Yield Expectations:

• Each plant produces 20-40+ flowers per season with regular harvesting

• A 4x4 foot bed can yield substantial harvest

• Peak production in spring and fall (cooler weather)

Drying & Storage:

Why Proper Drying Matters: Calendula has high moisture content and is resinous. Improper drying leads to mold, loss of color, and degraded medicinal properties.

Best Drying Methods:

Method 1: Dehydrator (Best for quality)

• Spread flowers in single layer on dehydrator trays

• Set temperature to 95-100°F (low heat preserves color and constituents)

• Dry 12-24 hours until completely crispy

• Flowers should crumble when crushed

• Bright orange color should be retained

Method 2: Screen Drying 

• Spread flowers on screens in single layer

• Place in warm (70-80°F), dark, well-ventilated space

• Turn flowers daily

• Takes 3-7 days depending on humidity

• Must have good air circulation to prevent mold

Method 3: Paper Bag Drying 

• Place small amounts of flowers in paper bags

• Shake bags daily

• Leave bags open or punch holes for air circulation

• Takes 1-2 weeks

• Monitor closely for mold

Signs of Properly Dried Calendula: ✓Petals crispy and crumbly ✓Bright orange/yellow color retained (some darkening okay) ✓No moisture when squeezed ✓Slight resinous/waxy feel but completely dry ✓No musty smell (should smell pleasant and herbaceous)

Storage:

• Store in airtight glass jars or containers

• Keep away from light (use dark glass or store in dark place)

• Label with herb name and date

• Store in cool, dry location

• Shelf life:1-2 years (color fades over time but some properties remain)

• Discard if any mold, musty smell, or significant color loss occurs

Primary Traditional Uses:

1. Wound Healing & Skin Care (Most renowned use)

• Used for cuts, scrapes, and minor wounds for centuries

• Promotes rapid healing and tissue regeneration

• Reduces scarring

• Used for burns (minor), sunburn, and skin irritation

• Traditional remedy for rashes, eczema, and dry skin

• Historically used for diaper rash in infants

• Applied to cracked, chapped skin

2. Anti-Inflammatory Applications

• Reduces swelling and inflammation both internally and externally

• Used for inflamed skin conditions

• Traditional remedy for bruises and contusions

• Applied to sore, inflamed tissues

• Historically used for hemorrhoids

• Reduces redness and irritation

3. Antimicrobial & Infection Prevention

• Prevents infection in minor wounds

• Traditional use for preventing infection in cuts and scrapes

• Gentle antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi

• Used topically for minor fungal infections

• Historical use for infected wounds (always seek medical care for serious infections)

4. Lymphatic Support

• Traditionally used to support lymphatic drainage

• Applied externally over swollen lymph nodes

• Used for mastitis (breast inflammation) compresses

• Supports movement of stagnant lymph

5. Internal Uses (Less common but traditional)

• Tea used for digestive inflammation

• Traditionally used for mouth sores and gingivitis (as mouthwash)

• Historical use for menstrual regulation

• Used for internal tissue inflammation

Historical & Cultural Significance:

• Named "calendula" from Latin calendae (first day of month) - blooms nearly every month

• Also called "pot marigold" because added to cooking pots (soups, stews) historically

• Used as food colorant (poor man's saffron)

• Medieval gardens always included calendula

• Mentioned in 12th-century herbal texts

• Used in both European and Ayurvedic traditions

• Flowers symbolize joy and remembrance in some cultures

Energetics & Traditional Classification:

Temperature:Cool, slightly warming (depends on tradition) 

Moisture: Drying, with some moistening properties to wounds 

Taste: Bitter, slightly pungent, resinous 

Tissue Affinities: Skin, lymphatic system, digestive tract, mucous membranes 

Constitutional Uses: Traditionally for "hot," inflamed conditions

Primary Herbal Actions:

Vulnerary:Promotes wound healing and tissue repair (primary action) 

Anti-inflammatory:Reduces inflammation systemically and topically Antimicrobial:Antibacterial and antifungal properties 

Lymphatic: Supports lymphatic drainage and movement 

Astringent: Tightens and tones tissues 

Emollient:Softens and soothes skin (in oil/salve preparations) 

Antispasmodic:Relaxes smooth muscle (internal use) 

Cholagogue: Stimulates bile flow (internal use)

1. Calendula Infused Oil

The foundational preparation - basis for most calendula products

Calendula-infused oil is the base for salves, balms, lotions, creams, and countless skin care products.

Traditional Folk Method (Slow Infusion):

Ingredients:

• Dried calendula flowers (completely dry - crucial!)

• High-quality carrier oil (olive, sunflower, sweet almond, or jojoba)

• Clean, dry glass jar with lid

Method:

• Fill jar 1/2 to 2/3 full with dried calendula flowers

• Cover flowers completely with oil (at least 1 inch over flowers)

• Stir gently to release air bubbles

• Cap jar tightly

• Label with herb, oil type, and date

• Place in warm, sunny windowsill OR warm (not hot) location

• Shake or stir jar daily

• Infuse for 4-6 weeks

• Strain through cheesecloth or fine mesh strainer, pressing flowers to extract all oil

• Bottle in clean, dark glass bottles

• Label and date

Quick Heat Method (Faster but requires attention):

Double Boiler Method:

• Place dried calendula and oil in top of double boiler

• Heat gently over very low heat for 3-4 hours

• Temperature should stay around 100-120°F (warm but not hot)

• Stir occasionally

• Strain and bottle as above

Crockpot Method:

• Place dried flowers and oil in crockpot

• Set on lowest "warm" setting

• Leave lid slightly ajar (allows moisture to escape)

• Infuse 12-24 hours

• Monitor temperature - should be warm, never hot

• Strain and bottle

Critical Notes: 

Use ONLY completely dry flowers - any moisture causes mold in oil 

Never heat above 140°F - degrades medicinal properties; if oil develops off smell, cloudiness, or mold - discard and start over

Oil Shelf Life: 1-2 years stored in cool, dark place

2. Calendula Salve/Balm

Most popular calendula preparation

Basic Recipe:

1. 1 cup calendula-infused oil

2. 1-2 oz beeswax (more wax = firmer salve)

3. Optional: vitamin E oil (natural preservative)

4. Optional: essential oils (lavender, chamomile, tea tree)

Method:

• Gently warm calendula oil in double boiler

• Add beeswax, stir until completely melted

• Test consistency: drop small amount on cool plate, let harden - adjust wax if needed

• Remove from heat

• Add vitamin E (1/2 tsp per cup oil) if using

• Add essential oils (10-15 drops per cup) if using

• Pour into tins or jars while still liquid

• Allow to cool completely undisturbed

• Cap and label

Uses:Minor cuts, scrapes, burns, dry skin, chapped lips, eczema patches, diaper rash, general skin healing

3. Calendula Tea (Infusion)

Internal and external use

Internal Tea:

• 1-2 teaspoons dried calendula flowers

• 8 oz boiling water

• Steep covered 10-15 minutes

• Strain

• Drink 2-3 cups daily

Uses:Digestive inflammation, lymphatic support, general anti-inflammatory

External Tea (Compress/Wash):

• 2-4 tablespoons dried calendula flowers

• 2 cups boiling water

• Steep 15-20 minutes (stronger)

• Strain well

• Use as:

Skin wash for wounds

Compress for bruises/swelling

Face wash for acne or irritation

Sitz bath for hemorrhoids

Mouthwash for gum inflammation

4. Calendula Tincture

Concentrated extract

Folk Method:

• Fill jar 1/2 full with dried calendula flowers

• Cover with 80-100 proof alcohol (vodka or brandy)

• Cap tightly

• Shake daily for 4-6 weeks

• Strain, bottle, label

Dosage:30-60 drops (1-2 dropperfuls) 2-3 times daily

Uses:Internal anti-inflammatory, lymphatic support, digestive aid

5. Calendula Cream/Lotion

Emulsified preparation (more advanced)

Requires emulsifying wax and distilled water. Combines calendula oil with water phase to create smooth, spreadable cream. More complex than salve but preferred by many for facial and body use.

Note: Detailed cream-making instructions available in advanced herbal texts

6. Fresh Calendula Poultice

Simple, immediate application

• Crush fresh calendula flowers

• Apply directly to clean wound

• Cover with clean cloth

• Leave 30 minutes to several hours

• Reapply fresh poultice 2-3 times daily

Traditional use for: Cuts, stings, minor burns, bruises

Safety Rating: Extremely Safe - One of the gentlest herbs

Calendula has an exceptional safety profile and is suitable for all ages including infants, children, pregnant/nursing women, and elderly.

General Safety:

Safe for infants (commonly used for diaper rash) ✓Safe for children (all applications) ✓Safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding ✓Safe for elderly ✓ Safe for sensitive skin ✓No known drug interactions ✓Can be used long-term without issues

Rare Considerations:

Allergies:

• Very rarely, individuals allergic to plants in Asteraceae family may react to calendula

• Asteraceae family includes: ragweed, chamomile, chrysanthemums, daisies

• True calendula allergy is extremely uncommon

• Skin test on small area if concerned

• Discontinue if any rash, itching, or irritation occurs

Theoretical Concerns (not clinically significant):

• Some sources caution about using calendula on deep or infected wounds

• Rationale: rapid healing might "seal in" infection

• Clinical practice: calendula used successfully on minor wounds for centuries

• Deep wounds requiring medical care should receive appropriate medical treatment

• For superficial wounds, calendula is safe and beneficial

Surgery Precaution:

• Some herbalists recommend discontinuing internal use 2 weeks before surgery

• Theoretical concern about sedative effects (very mild if any)

• Topical use not a concern

No Known Contraindications For:

• Topical use in any age group

• Use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (both internal and external)

• Concurrent medication use

• Chronic use (can be used safely long-term)

When to Seek Medical Care:

• Deep wounds, puncture wounds, or serious injuries

• Signs of infection (increasing redness, heat, swelling, pus, fever)

• Wounds that don't improve with home care

• Any serious skin condition

• Burns beyond minor, superficial burns

Calendula is appropriate for home first aid but does not replace medical care when needed.

My Experience Growing Calendula:

At Wild Clover Farm, calendula is an absolute garden staple and appears in nearly every product we create. I grow calendula in several locations: dedicated herb beds, interplanted with vegetables, and in cutting gardens.

What I've Learned About Growing Calendula:

Spring Planting:

• I direct-sow calendula 3-4 weeks before last frost

• Seeds germinate reliably even in cool soil

• Spring-planted calendula blooms heavily through late spring

• Hot weather slows production but plants survive with adequate water

Fall Planting:

• I sow again in late summer (8 weeks before frost)

• Fall calendula often outperforms spring planting

• Cooler temperatures = more prolific flowering

• Can harvest until hard freeze

Self-Seeding Success:

• I allow some flowers to go to seed each year

• Volunteer seedlings appear the following spring

• I thin volunteers and transplant to desired locations

• This creates a perpetual calendula supply with minimal work

Harvesting Insights:

• I harvest every 2-3 days during peak season

• Morning harvest (after dew dries) is essential for quality

• I've learned to harvest just before peak bloom rather than after - flowers at their prime have optimal color and constituents

• A small dedicated bed (4x4 feet) provides ample harvest for home apothecary use

Why Calendula Is in Everything: Calendula-infused oil forms the base of most of our healing salves, balms, and skin care products. Its gentle yet effective wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties make it perfect for:

• Baby products (diaper balm, cradle cap oil)

• Face serums and facial balms

• Hand and body salves

• Healing ointments

• First aid preparations

The Resin Factor: Fresh calendula flowers have a sticky, resinous quality. This is desirable - the resin contains valuable medicinal compounds. When making infused oils, I always use completely dried flowers (never fresh) because any moisture in fresh flowers will cause oil to spoil.

Q: Is calendula the same as marigold?
A: Calendula is called "pot marigold" but is NOT the same as common garden marigolds (Tagetesspecies - French and African marigolds). Those marigolds have a strong pungent smell and are not used medicinally the same way. Always grow Calendula officinalis for medicinal use.

Q: Can I use fresh calendula flowers to make infused oil?
A: No - you must use completely dried flowers. Fresh flowers contain moisture that will cause the oil to spoil, become rancid, or develop mold. Always dry flowers thoroughly first.

Q: How do I know if my calendula flowers are dry enough?
A: Flowers should be crispy and crumbly with no moisture when squeezed. If they feel at all soft or bend rather than crumble, dry them longer.

Q: Will calendula grow in shade?
A: Calendula prefers full sun but tolerates partial shade, especially afternoon shade in hot climates. It will produce fewer flowers in shade.

Q: Can I eat calendula?
A: Yes! Calendula petals are edible and have been used historically in soups, stews, and salads. They have a slightly peppery, tangy flavor. Often used as food coloring (saffron substitute). Always use Calendula officinalis from clean gardens, not treated with chemicals.

Q: Is calendula safe for babies?
A: Yes! Calendula is one of the gentlest herbs and is commonly used in baby products, particularly for diaper rash. It's safe and effective for infant skin.

Q: My calendula plant stopped flowering in summer. What happened?
A: Calendula is a cool-season plant that often slows flowering or stops when temperatures consistently exceed 85°F. Keep it watered and wait for cooler fall weather - it will resume blooming.

Q: Can calendula help with eczema?
A: Many people find calendula helpful for eczema when applied as salve or cream. It won't cure eczema but can reduce inflammation, soothe itching, and support skin healing. Individual results vary.

Q: Do I harvest just the petals or the whole flower?
A: Either works, but the whole flower head (including the green base) is more potent and traditional. Some herbalists use only petals for aesthetic reasons in products, but whole flowers contain more medicine.

All-Purpose Healing Salve

The workhorse of any herbal medicine cabinet:

• 1 cup calendula-infused oil

• 1.5 oz beeswax

• 1/2 tsp vitamin E oil

• 10 drops lavender essential oil (optional)

Melt oil and beeswax together, remove from heat, add vitamin E and lavender. Pour into tins. Use for cuts, scrapes, burns, dry skin, minor wounds, chapped lips.

Diaper Rash Balm

Gentle enough for baby's skin:

• 1/2 cup calendula-infused oil

• 1/4 cup coconut oil

• 1 oz beeswax

• 1 Tbsp zinc oxide (optional, for extra protection)

Melt oils and beeswax, stir in zinc oxide if using. Pour into jars. Apply at every diaper change.

Calendula Facial Serum (For dry, sensitive, or mature skin)

• 2 oz calendula-infused oil (use apricot kernel or jojoba as base oil)

• 1/2 oz rosehip seed oil

• 1/4 oz evening primrose or borage oil

• 5 drops frankincense essential oil

• 3 drops lavender essential oil

• 2 drops carrot seed essential oil

Combine all ingredients in dark glass bottle. Shake well. Apply 3-5 drops to clean, damp face morning and evening.

Calendula Wound Wash

For cleaning cuts and scrapes:

• 1/4 cup dried calendula flowers

• 2 cups boiling water

• 1 tsp sea salt (optional)

Steep flowers 20 minutes, strain well. Add salt if using. Use to gently cleanse minor wounds before applying salve. Can be stored in refrigerator for 2-3 days.

Soothing Bath Tea (For irritated, inflamed, or itchy skin)

• 1/2 cup dried calendula flowers

• 1/4 cup oats (colloidal or finely ground)

• 1/4 cup dried lavender

Place in muslin bag or old sock tied closed. Hang under running bathwater. Squeeze bag to release herbs into water. Soak 15-20 minutes.Respiratory Relief Tea Blend

A synergistic blend for coughs, congestion, and respiratory support:

• 2 parts mullein leaf

• 1 part peppermint leaf

• 1 part licorice root (*the key active compound, glycyrrhizin, can cause side effects in some people, for individuals with these concerns, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) products are commercially available)

• 1/2 part thyme leaf

Steep 1 tablespoon blend per 8 oz cup, covered, 10-15 minutes. Strain very well. Drink 3 cups daily for acute respiratory symptoms, or 1-2 cups daily as ongoing support.

Recommended Texts:

• Gladstar, Rosemary. Herbal Recipes for Vibrant Healthand Rosemary Gladstar's Medicinal Herbs: A Beginner's Guide

• Wood, Matthew. The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants

• Tierra, Michael. The Way of Herbs

• Hoffman, David. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine

• Flint, Mary Lou. Calendula: A Practical Guide

Scientific Literature:

• Various peer-reviewed studies on calendula's wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties

• Research on calendula in dermatological applications

This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Calendula has centuries of traditional use and a strong safety profile, but individual results may vary. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before using herbal products for serious wounds, infections, or health conditions. The author and Wild Clover Farm assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of this information.

Last Updated: December 2024


Author:Lisa, Wild Clover Farm


Growing Zone Reference: USDA Zones 2-11 (best as cool-season annual)


Farm Location: Central United States, Zone 7b

Common Names: Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Milfoil, Nosebleed Plant, Soldier's Woundwort, Knight's Milfoil, Thousand-Leaf 

Latin Name: Achillea millefolium

Plant Family: Asteraceae (Daisy/Composite family) 

Parts Used: Aerial parts (leaves, flowers, stems) 

Primary Actions: Styptic, vulnerary, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antimicrobial 

Best Preparations: Fresh poultice (first aid), infusion (tea), tincture, infused oil, salve

Safety Rating: Generally safe with some cautions  

Grown at Wild Clover Farm: Yes - grows wild and cultivated! 

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is one of the most important medicinal plants in herbalism worldwide. Named after the Greek hero Achilles, who reportedly used yarrow to treat soldiers' wounds during the Trojan War, this humble plant has earned its place as a frontline first-aid herb. Found on every continent except Antarctica, yarrow is both a wild medicine and a garden ally.

What Yarrow Looks Like:

Flowers:

• Flat-topped clusters (corymbs) of tiny flowers

• White or occasionally pink to pale purple

• Each "flower head" is actually many tiny flowers clustered together

• Blooms typically 2-4 inches across

• Individual florets very small (1/8 inch)

• Blooms late spring through fall depending on climate

• Aromatic when crushed (pungent, slightly medicinal scent)

Leaves (The most distinctive feature):

• Finely divided, feathery appearance

• "Milfoil" means "thousand leaves" - describes the intricate leaf divisions

• Resembles soft, green feathers

• 2-8 inches long

• Emerge from base in rosette, also alternate along stem

• Dark to medium green, sometimes gray-green

• Slightly hairy/fuzzy texture

• Aromatic when crushed

Plant Habit:

• Perennial (returns year after year)

• Grows 1-3 feet tall when flowering

• Basal rosette of leaves in first year

• Sends up flowering stalks in subsequent years

• Spreads via rhizomes (underground runners)

• Forms colonies over time

• Can become aggressive in favorable conditions

Stems:

• Upright, unbranched flowering stalks

• Angular/ridged (not completely round)

• Slightly fuzzy

• Emerge from basal rosette

Roots:

• Fibrous root system with creeping rhizomes

• Rhizomes allow plant to spread horizontally

• Shallow to moderate depth (6-12 inches typically)

Key Identification Features:

The leaves: Finely divided, feathery "thousand-leaf" appearance is unmistakable once you've seen it 

The flowers: Flat-topped white clusters (occasionally pink) 

The scent: Distinctive aromatic, somewhat pungent smell when leaves/flowers are crushed 

Growth habit: Upright flowering stalks from basal rosette

Look-Alikes to Be Aware Of:

Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) - DEADLY

• Has similar feathery leaves BUT

• Poison hemlock is much taller (6-10 feet)

• Poison hemlock has purple spots/blotches on hollow stems

• Poison hemlock has white flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters (umbels), not flat-topped

• Poison hemlock smells musty/mousy (not aromatic like yarrow)

• Always positively identify before harvesting any wild plant

Water Hemlock (Cicuta species) - DEADLY

• Also has divided leaves

• Water hemlock grows in wet areas/water edges (yarrow in drier locations)

• Water hemlock has umbrella-shaped flower clusters, not flat-topped

• Different leaf structure on close examination

• Always positively identify before harvesting any wild plant

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

• Similar feathery leaves

• Tansy has button-like yellow flowers (not white flat-topped clusters)

• Different scent

• Tansy also medicinal but used differently

Dog Fennel (Eupatorium capillifolium)

• Similar feathery foliage

• Different flower structure (not flat-topped white)

• Different overall plant structure

Critical: Learn to identify yarrow with certainty through multiple characteristics (leaf structure, flower type, scent, overall growth habit) before wild harvesting. 

Origins & Distribution:

Yarrow is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America. It's one of the most widely distributed medicinal plants in the world and has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America where it has naturalized extensively.

Native North American Yarrow: Achillea millefolium is actually native to North America (as well as Eurasia), though the cultivated varieties often have European genetics. Native American peoples used yarrow extensively long before European contact.

Where Yarrow Grows:

Yarrow is incredibly adaptable and found in diverse habitats:

Common Wild Locations:

1. Meadows and grasslands

2. Roadsides and ditches

3. Pastures and fields

4. Disturbed areas and waste ground

5. Forest edges and clearings

6. Railroad tracks and rights-of-way

7. Old fields and abandoned properties

8. Lawns (often considered a weed but actually beneficial)

9. Mountain meadows up to high elevations

Soil & Site Preferences:

• Prefers full sun but tolerates partial shade

• Thrives in well-drained soils

• Tolerates poor, rocky, or sandy soil

• Drought-tolerant once established

• Actually prefers lean soil over rich (like many medicinals)

• Doesn't like waterlogged conditions

• pH adaptable (slightly acidic to alkaline)

Climate Tolerance:

• Extremely cold-hardy (to -40°F)

• Heat-tolerant (though may go semi-dormant in extreme heat)

• Drought-tolerant

• One of the most adaptable perennial herbs

Climate & Growing Conditions:

Yarrow grows successfully in USDA zones 3-9 and is one of the easiest perennial herbs to cultivate:

Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade

• Best flowering and medicinal potency in full sun (6+ hours)

• Tolerates light shade but produces fewer flowers

• Too much shade = weak, floppy plants

Soil Requirements:

• Well-drained soil (essential)

• Tolerates poor, rocky, sandy, or clay soils

• Prefers lean to moderately fertile soil

• Rich soil = excessive growth, weaker medicine, tendency to flop

• pH: 4.5-8.0 (extremely adaptable)

• Drought-tolerant once established

Temperature:

• Cold-hardy perennial (zones 3-9)

• Tolerates extreme cold

• Tolerates heat (may go semi-dormant in hottest weather)

• Regrows vigorously when conditions improve

Water:

• Low to moderate water needs

• Drought-tolerant once established (deep roots)

• Prefers dry to moderately moist conditions

• Overwatering weakens plant and reduces medicinal properties

• Native to areas with dry summers

Growing from Seed:

Yarrow is easy from seed but can be slow to establish in first year:

When to Plant:

• Spring: Start indoors 8-10 weeks before last frost OR direct sow after last frost

• Fall: Direct sow in late fall for spring germination (cold stratification)

• Seeds need light to germinate - don't bury

How to Plant:

• Prepare seedbed - yarrow needs loose, well-drained soil

• Scatter seeds on soil surface

• Press seeds gently into soil but don't cover (light needed for germination)

• Mist gently to settle seeds

• Keep moist (not soggy) until germination

• Germination: 10-21 days (can be variable)

• Thin seedlings to 12-18 inches apart once established

Starting Indoors:

• Sow in flats or cell packs

• Keep at 65-70°F

• Provide light immediately upon germination

• Transplant to garden after hardening off

• First-year plants develop basal rosette, usually don't flower until year two

Seed Tips:

• Fresh seeds germinate best

• Light exposure critical for germination

• Seeds are tiny - mix with sand for easier distribution

• Self-sows readily once established

Growing from Division or Cuttings:

Division (Easiest propagation method):

• Divide established plants in spring or fall

• Dig up clump and separate into sections (each with roots)

• Replant divisions 12-18 inches apart

• Water well until established

• Divisions bloom same season if done in spring

Root Cuttings:

• Take 2-3 inch sections of rhizome with roots

• Plant horizontally 1-2 inches deep

• Keep moist until new growth appears

• Easy method if you have access to established yarrow

Site Selection:

Best Location:

• Full sun (best flowering, strongest medicine)

• Well-drained area (won't tolerate wet feet)

• Permanent location (perennial that spreads)

• Consider containment if you don't want spreading

• Good air circulation

Spacing:

• 12-18 inches apart for individual plants

• 18-24 inches for large clumps

• Will fill in over time via rhizome spread

Companion Planting:

• Attracts beneficial insects (predatory wasps, ladybugs, hoverflies)

• Good near vegetables and fruit trees

• May help nearby plants resist disease (some anecdotal evidence)

• Aromatic properties may deter some pests

Care Requirements:

Watering:

• Water regularly during establishment (first season)

• Once established, very drought-tolerant

• Prefers to dry out between waterings

• Overwatering = weaker plants, prone to rot

• In most climates, rainfall sufficient after establishment

Fertilizing:

• Little to no fertilizer needed

• Excess fertility = lush growth, fewer flowers, weaker medicine

• If soil is extremely poor, light compost application in spring

• Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers

Maintenance:

• Deadheading:Remove spent flowers to encourage more blooms (if desired)

• Division:Divide every 3-4 years to maintain vigor

• Containment:May need to remove spreading rhizomes if becoming too aggressive

• Cut back:Cut to ground in late fall or early spring (optional - can leave standing for winter interest)

Pests & Diseases:

• Very few problems

• Occasionally aphids (spray off with water)

• Rarely powdery mildew in humid, crowded conditions

• Spittlebugs sometimes present (not harmful)

• Deer and rabbit resistant (aromatic foliage deters browsing)

• Generally one of the most trouble-free herbs

Managing Yarrow's Spreading Habit:

Yarrow spreads via rhizomes and can become aggressive:

If You Want Containment:

• Plant in containers (at least 12 inches deep)

• Install root barrier (buried plastic edging 8-10 inches deep)

• Divide regularly and remove excess

• Monitor edges of planting area and remove escapees

If You Want Naturalization:

• Allow to spread freely in meadow or naturalized area

• Perfect for low-maintenance pollinator gardens

• Great for stabilizing slopes or difficult areas

• Once established, needs zero care

What to Harvest:

AERIAL PARTS (leaves, flowers, and stems together):

• Traditional harvest includes entire above-ground plant

• Can harvest leaves separately (before flowering)

• Can harvest flowers separately (when in bloom)

• Most herbalists use whole aerial parts together

When to Harvest:

Peak Harvest Time:

• For maximum potency: Harvest when flowers are just beginning to open to full bloom

• Best time of day: Mid-morning after dew has dried but before midday heat

• Season: Late spring through summer (depending on climate)

• First-year plants may not flower (let them establish)

• Second year and beyond: harvest multiple times per season

Timing Signs:

• Flowers in full bloom

• Before flowers begin to fade or turn brown

• Aromatic scent strong when crushed

• Dry day (moisture makes drying difficult)

How Often:

• Can harvest 2-3 times per growing season

• Cut plant back by 1/3 to 1/2 (not to ground)

• Plant regrows and often produces second flush of flowers

• Leave some flowers for pollinators and self-seeding

Harvesting Method:

For Whole Aerial Parts:

• Use clean, sharp scissors or pruners

• Cut stems 4-6 inches from top (includes flowers and leafy stems)

• OR cut stems at base if you want longer pieces for bundling

• Gather stems in bunches for drying

• Harvest from multiple plants rather than stripping one

For Leaves Only:

• Harvest basal leaves before flowering begins

• Pinch or cut individual leaves

• Leave enough for plant to continue growing

For Flowers Only:

• Snip flower heads with 1-2 inches of stem

• Can harvest multiple times as flowers bloom in succession

Fresh Plant First Aid:

• For immediate first-aid use, harvest fresh leaves/flowers

• Crush or chew briefly and apply directly to wound

• Traditional "field medicine" method

Sustainable Harvesting:

Never harvest more than 1/3 of a wild stand 

Leave plenty for wildlife and pollinators 

Allow adequate reseeding 

Harvest from multiple locations rather than depleting one area 

Don't harvest from contaminated sites (roadsides, sprayed areas) 

Respect private property

Drying & Storage:

Drying Methods:

Bundle Drying (Traditional, works beautifully)

• Gather 8-12 stems in small bundles

• Tie securely with string or rubber band

• Hang upside down in warm, dark, well-ventilated space

• Ensure good air circulation between bundles

• Dry 1-2 weeks until completely crispy

• Beautiful and traditional method

Screen Drying 

• Spread stems/flowers on drying screens

• Single layer for best airflow

• Turn occasionally

• Dark, warm, well-ventilated location

• 1-2 weeks to fully dry

Dehydrator 

1. Set to 95-100°F (low heat preserves constituents)

2. Spread in single layer

3. 12-24 hours until crispy

4. Faster than air drying, good for humid climates

Signs of Properly Dried Yarrow:

Stems snap rather than bend 

Leaves crumble easily 

Flowers feel papery/crispy 

Aromatic scent remains (though less intense than fresh) 

Green color retained (some browning acceptable) 

No moisture when squeezed

Storage:

• Strip dried leaves/flowers from stems (or store whole)

• Store in airtight glass jars or containers

• Keep away from light (dark glass or dark storage)

• Label with plant name and harvest date

• Store in cool, dry place

Shelf life:1-2 years properly stored

• Discard if musty smell, mold, or significant color loss

Primary Traditional Uses:

1. First-Aid Wound Herb (Most famous use)

• "Soldier's Woundwort" - used on battlefields for millennia

• Stops bleeding (styptic action)

• Applied fresh to cuts, scrapes, wounds

• Promotes rapid clotting

• Traditional name "Nosebleed Plant" - stopped nosebleeds

• Used for cuts from tools, farm injuries, battle wounds

• Antimicrobial properties help prevent infection

• Vulnerary properties promote healing

Historical Context:

• Achilles used yarrow to treat soldiers' wounds (Greek mythology)

• Native American peoples used for wounds, bleeding, pain

• European folk medicine: essential first-aid herb

• American Civil War: used when medical supplies scarce

• WWI and WWII: yarrow used in field medicine

2. Fever Management (Diaphoretic action)

• Traditional remedy for fevers and colds

• Promotes sweating (diaphoresis)

• Helps "break" fevers

• Opens pores and promotes heat release

• Used in hot tea for colds and flu

• Often combined with other fever herbs (elderflower, peppermint)

3. Digestive Aid

• Bitter properties stimulate digestion

• Traditionally used for poor appetite

• Eases digestive cramping

• Reduces gas and bloating

• Supports liver function

• Gallbladder support (cholagogue - promotes bile flow)

4. Women's Health

• Traditionally used for heavy menstrual bleeding (astringent action)

• Menstrual cramping relief (antispasmodic)

• Uterine tonic in some traditions

• Historically used to regulate cycles

• Note: Avoid during pregnancy (see safety section)

5. Cardiovascular Support

• Traditionally used to lower blood pressure

• May improve circulation

• Historical use for varicose veins

• Used topically for hemorrhoids

6. Anti-inflammatory Applications

• Reduces inflammation both internally and externally

• Used for arthritis and joint pain

• Applied to sprains, bruises, muscle pain

• Topical applications for inflammatory skin conditions

Energetics & Traditional Classification:

Temperature: Cooling (reduces heat, inflammation) 

Moisture: Drying (astringent properties) 

Taste: Bitter, pungent, aromatic, slightly astringent 

Tissue Affinities: Blood, cardiovascular system, digestive system, skin, reproductive system (women's) 

Constitutional Uses: For "hot," inflamed, excessive conditions (bleeding, fever, inflammation)

Primary Herbal Actions:

Styptic: Stops bleeding rapidly (primary first-aid action) 

Vulnerary: Promotes wound healing and tissue repair 

Diaphoretic: Promotes sweating (fever management) 

Anti-inflammatory: Reduces inflammation systemically 

Astringent: Tightens and tones tissues 

Antimicrobial: Antibacterial properties 

Antispasmodic: Relieves muscle and smooth muscle cramping 

Bitter tonic: Stimulates digestion 

Hypotensive: May help lower blood pressure 

Emmenagogue: Promotes menstrual flow (avoid in pregnancy)

1. Fresh Yarrow Poultice - FIRST AID

The classic yarrow preparation for emergencies

For Cuts, Scrapes, Bleeding:

Method:

• Harvest fresh yarrow leaves/flowers

• Rinse briefly if dirty (or use as-is in emergency)

• Chew leaves briefly (saliva activates) OR crush thoroughly with clean hands/mortar

• Apply crushed plant material directly to wound

• Apply pressure if bleeding

• Hold in place or wrap with clean cloth

• Bleeding should stop within minutes

• Can be left on wound for 30 minutes to several hours

• Clean wound properly once bleeding stops

• Follow with appropriate wound care

Traditional "Field Medicine": This is how yarrow has been used for thousands of years. Warriors, farmers, and outdoor workers kept yarrow on hand for immediate bleeding control.

When to Use Fresh Poultice:

• Cuts from tools, kitchen accidents

• Scrapes and abrasions

• Nosebleeds (stuff crushed fresh leaf gently in nostril)

• Any minor bleeding injury

• When immediate action needed

Serious wounds require medical attention. Yarrow for minor injuries only.

2. Yarrow Tea (Infusion)

For fevers, colds, digestive support

Basic Hot Infusion:

• 1-2 teaspoons dried yarrow (leaves/flowers)

• 8 oz boiling water

• Steep covered 10-15 minutes

• Strain

Dosage:

• Drink 3 cups daily for acute conditions (colds, fever)

• 1-2 cups daily as digestive bitter

• Drink hot for diaphoretic (sweating) effect

Taste:Bitter, aromatic, slightly astringent (not delicious but tolerable)

Fever Tea Blend:

• 2 parts yarrow

• 1 part elderflower

• 1 part peppermint

• 1/2 part ginger

Steep, drink hot, get under blankets to promote sweating. Traditional fever-breaking protocol.

3. Yarrow Tincture

Concentrated, shelf-stable preparation

Folk Method:

• Fill jar 1/2 to 2/3 full with dried yarrow (or fresh if available)

• Cover completely with 80-100 proof alcohol (vodka or brandy)

• If using fresh plant: use higher proof (100 proof best)

• Cap tightly, label with herb and date

• Shake daily for 4-6 weeks

• Store in cool, dark place during maceration

• Strain through cheesecloth, pressing to extract all liquid

• Bottle in dark glass dropper bottles

• Label and date

Dosage:

• 30-60 drops (1-2 dropperfuls) in water, 2-3 times daily

• For fever: 1-2 dropperfuls every 2-3 hours

Uses:Fever, digestive support, menstrual cramping, inflammation

Shelf Life: 4-5 years properly stored

4. Yarrow Infused Oil

For topical applications

Method:

• Use dried yarrow (aerial parts)

• Fill jar 1/2 to 2/3 full

• Cover with oil (olive, sunflower, sweet almond)

• Use folk infusion method: sunny windowsill 4-6 weeks, shake daily

• OR gentle heat method: warm on very low heat 3-4 hours

• Strain thoroughly

• Bottle and label

Uses:

• Base for healing salves

• Massage oil for sore muscles, arthritis

• Applied to bruises, sprains

• Varicose vein support (external)

• Hemorrhoid relief (external)

5. Yarrow Salve

Healing salve for wounds, bruises, inflammation

Recipe:

• 1 cup yarrow-infused oil

• 1-1.5 oz beeswax (adjust for desired consistency)

• Optional: 1/2 tsp vitamin E oil

• Optional: 10 drops lavender or tea tree essential oil

Method:

• Warm oil gently

• Add beeswax, stir until melted

• Remove from heat, add vitamin E and essential oils if using

• Pour into tins/jars

• Cool completely before capping

Uses:Minor wounds (after bleeding stops), bruises, muscle pain, joint inflammation, insect bites

6. Yarrow Sitz Bath

For hemorrhoids, postpartum healing

• 1 cup dried yarrow

• Large pot of water, bring to boil

• Pour over yarrow, steep 20-30 minutes

• Strain into sitz bath or shallow bath

• Sit in warm (not hot) yarrow water 15-20 minutes

• Repeat daily as needed

Uses:Hemorrhoids, perineal tears (postpartum), pelvic inflammation

7. Yarrow Steam

For congestion, sinus issues

• Handful of dried yarrow in large bowl

• Pour boiling water over

• Lean over bowl with towel draped over head

• Steam face for 5-10 minutes

• Antimicrobial and decongestant properties

Safety Rating: Generally safe with some important cautions

Yarrow has a long history of safe use BUT there are specific populations and situations where caution is needed.

General Safety:

Safe for most adults in appropriate doses 

Safe for children in reduced doses (over age 2) 

Safe topically for wound care 

Generally well-tolerated 

Low toxicity

IMPORTANT CONTRAINDICATIONS:

PREGNANCY:

• Do not use yarrow internally during pregnancy

• Yarrow is an emmenagogue (promotes menstrual flow)

• Historically used to bring on delayed menses

• May stimulate uterine contractions

• Risk of miscarriage

• Topical use for minor wounds generally considered safe

BREASTFEEDING:

• Exercise caution with internal use

• May decrease milk supply (drying herb)

• Limited safety data available

• Topical use for wound care generally safe

ALLERGIES:

• Asteraceae/Compositae family allergies: People allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, daisies, or other Asteraceae plants may react to yarrow

• Can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals

• May trigger allergic rhinitis in susceptible people

• Do skin patch test if concerned

• Discontinue immediately if rash, itching, or respiratory symptoms occur

BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDERS:

• Yarrow affects blood clotting (styptic properties)

• Exercise caution if you have clotting disorders

• May interact with anticoagulant medications (see below)

• Consult healthcare provider

SURGERY:

• Discontinue internal use 2 weeks before scheduled surgery

• Concern about bleeding/clotting effects during surgery

• Inform surgeon if you've been using yarrow

Drug Interactions:

Blood Thinners/Anticoagulants:

• May interact with warfarin, aspirin, heparin, clopidogrel

• Theoretical concern about affecting blood clotting

• Consult healthcare provider if taking these medications

Blood Pressure Medications:

• Yarrow may lower blood pressure

• Could potentiate effects of blood pressure medications

• Monitor blood pressure if using both

Sedatives:

• Mild sedative effects possible

• Could theoretically enhance sedative medications

• Use caution if combining

Lithium:

• Yarrow may affect how body eliminates lithium (theoretical)

• Consult healthcare provider if taking lithium

Side Effects (Rare but Possible):

• Drowsiness (mild sedative effect)

• Photosensitivity (increased sun sensitivity) in some individuals

• Contact dermatitis from handling plant

• Digestive upset if taken on empty stomach

• Allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Dosage Guidelines:

Tea: 1-2 cups up to 3 times daily (acute use) 

Tincture: 30-60 drops (1-2 dropperfuls) 2-3 times daily 

Children (over age 2): 1/4 to 1/2 adult dose depending on age/weight

Duration:

• Acute use (fever, cold): Safe for 3-7 days

• Chronic use: Some herbalists recommend taking breaks (1 week off per month)

• Long-term internal use should be supervised by qualified practitioner

When to Seek Medical Care:

• Serious wounds, deep cuts, puncture wounds

• Excessive bleeding that doesn't stop

• Signs of infection (increasing redness, heat, swelling, pus, fever)

• Severe allergic reaction

• Any serious health condition

• If symptoms worsen or don't improve

Yarrow is a powerful ally for minor first aid but does not replace appropriate medical care.

My Experience Growing & Using Yarrow:

At Wild Clover Farm, yarrow grows both wild in our meadow areas and cultivated in the herb garden. I consider it an essential first-aid herb - one I'm never without.

Growing Observations:

Wild Yarrow: We have native yarrow that volunteers throughout our property - in the meadow, along fence lines, and even in areas we've disturbed. This wild yarrow is incredibly hardy and requires absolutely zero care from me. The white-flowered wild yarrow seems to have slightly stronger aromatic properties than some of the cultivated varieties.

Cultivated Yarrow: I also grow several cultivated varieties in the herb garden, including white, pink, and yellow-flowered types. All are medicinal, though I tend to use the white-flowered yarrow (wild or cultivated A. millefolium) most for medicine. The ornamental varieties are beautiful but I find the common white yarrow to be the most potent.

Managing the Spread: Yarrow can be aggressive! I've learned to contain it in areas where I want defined borders by digging out the spreading rhizomes annually. In the meadow and naturalized areas, I let it spread freely where it benefits pollinators and provides abundant harvest.

Harvesting Notes:

I harvest yarrow 2-3 times per growing season, cutting stems when flowers are in full bloom. The bundle-drying method works beautifully - I hang bundles in our herb drying space and they dry evenly in 10-14 days. The dried bundles are also quite lovely, so I sometimes leave them hanging for aesthetic appeal before stripping the flowers and leaves for storage.

First Aid Applications:

Yarrow has saved the day more times than I can count on the farm:

• Cut fingers from garden work

• Scrapes from chicken wire

• Nosebleeds (from dry air or minor bumps)

• Small cuts that need bleeding control immediately

I keep fresh yarrow accessible during growing season and dried yarrow in my first-aid kit year-round. For immediate wound care, I crush fresh leaves and apply directly. Once bleeding stops, I clean the wound properly and may apply yarrow salve.

Why Yarrow Matters:

In a world of instant first-aid products, yarrow reminds us that powerful medicine grows at our feet. Learning to use yarrow for basic wound care connects us to thousands of years of herbal tradition and gives us confidence in caring for minor injuries with plants.

A Note on Identification:

Because there are some toxic look-alikes (especially poison hemlock), I'm very careful about teaching yarrow identification. If you're new to foraging, please harvest yarrow with an experienced forager first or grow your own from verified seed/plants. Once you know yarrow's distinctive feathery leaves and aromatic scent, you'll never forget it.

Yarrow is widely available for foraging in many regions, making it accessible to herbalists worldwide:

Foraging Guidelines:

CRITICAL: Positive Identification

• Learn yarrow's distinctive features thoroughly

• Be aware of toxic look-alikes (poison hemlock especially)

• Crush leaves and smell - yarrow has distinctive aromatic scent

• Examine flower structure - flat-topped white clusters

• Check multiple identifying characteristics

• When in doubt, don't harvest

• Consider taking photos to experienced foragers for verification

Choose Clean Locations:

• Avoid: Roadsides (exhaust, petroleum, road salt contamination)

• Avoid: Areas that may have been sprayed with herbicides

• Avoid: Industrial areas, near conventional farms (drift spray)

• Avoid: Contaminated soils, brownfield sites

• Prefer:Clean meadows, wild areas, organic properties

• Prefer:Your own property where you know the history

• Prefer:Designated foraging areas, nature preserves allowing harvest

Harvest Sustainably:

• Take only what you need

• Leave at least 50% of any stand unharvested

• Harvest from multiple locations rather than depleting one area

• Allow adequate flowering for pollinators

• Leave enough for seed production

• Consider that wildlife may also use the plant

Property & Legal Considerations:

• Always get explicit permission on private property

• Check local regulations in parks and public lands

• Don't harvest in protected areas, state parks, or nature preserves unless permitted

• Respect "No Trespassing" signs

• Be a good steward - leave areas cleaner than you found them

Ethical Wildcrafting:

• Give thanks to the plant

• Harvest mindfully and with intention

• Consider replanting or scattering seeds

• Share knowledge respectfully

• Support conservation efforts

• Don't reveal specific locations of sensitive plant populations publicly

Best Foraging Season:

• Late spring through summer when flowering

• Can harvest leaves earlier in season before flowering

• Multiple harvests possible from regrowth

• Best aromatic properties at peak bloom

Q: Can I use yarrow for serious cuts or deep wounds?
A: No. Yarrow is appropriate for minor cuts, scrapes, and superficial wounds only. Deep wounds, puncture wounds, wounds with embedded objects, or wounds requiring stitches need immediate medical attention. Yarrow's rapid clotting action could potentially "seal in" infection in deep wounds.

Q: Is yarrow safe to use on children?
A: Topically for minor wound care, yes (for children over age 2). Internal use should be in reduced doses and under guidance. Yarrow tea is generally safe for older children with colds/fever but consult pediatrician for young children.

Q: What's the difference between white and colored yarrow varieties?
A: The common white-flowered Achillea millefolium is the primary medicinal variety. Pink, red, and yellow cultivars are often hybrids and while still useful, may have different properties or be less potent. For medicine, white A. millefolium is preferred.

Q: Will yarrow really stop nosebleeds?
A: Yes! Yarrow's common name "Nosebleed Plant" comes from this traditional use. Crush a fresh leaf and gently insert into bleeding nostril. The styptic action helps clotting. (Some traditions actually used yarrow to induce nosebleeds for medicinal bleeding, but stopping nosebleeds is the more common modern use.)

Q: Can I use yarrow if I'm allergic to ragweed?
A: Use caution. Both are in the Asteraceae family, and cross-reactivity is possible. Do a skin patch test first (crush fresh yarrow, apply to inner forearm, wait 24 hours). If no reaction, likely safe topically. Internal use: consult with allergist.

Q: Is yarrow invasive?
A: Yarrow can be aggressive and spread readily via rhizomes, especially in favorable conditions. In some regions it's considered invasive or weedy. In gardens, it may need containment. However, in many areas it's native or naturalized and provides valuable habitat/food for beneficial insects.

Q: How does yarrow compare to commercial styptic products?
A: Yarrow's styptic action is comparable to commercial styptic pencils for minor bleeding. It works quickly and effectively. However, commercial first-aid products are more convenient and sterile. Yarrow shines for field/wilderness situations or when immediate natural options are preferred.

Q: Can I drink yarrow tea regularly?
A: Yarrow tea can be used regularly for short periods (1-2 weeks) for specific conditions (digestive support, fever). For long-term daily use, some herbalists recommend periodic breaks. It's a potent herb - use respectfully, not casually.

Q: Does yarrow really lower blood pressure?
A: Traditional use and some evidence suggests yarrow may have hypotensive (blood pressure lowering) effects. If you have blood pressure issues or take blood pressure medications, consult your healthcare provider before using yarrow internally.

Wilderness First-Aid Salve

For hiking, camping, outdoor adventures:

• 1/2 cup yarrow-infused oil

• 1/4 cup calendula-infused oil

• 1/4 cup plantain-infused oil

• 1.5 oz beeswax

• 10 drops tea tree essential oil

• 10 drops lavender essential oil

Melt oils and beeswax, remove from heat, add essential oils. Pour into tins. This "triple threat" salve addresses bleeding, wound healing, and infection prevention.

Fever-Breaking Tea Blend

Traditional diaphoretic formula:

• 3 parts yarrow

• 2 parts elderflower

• 1 part peppermint

• 1 part ginger (dried)

Steep 1 tablespoon per cup, drink hot, get under blankets. Promotes sweating to help break fevers. Drink every 2-3 hours during acute fever.

Muscle & Joint Rub

Anti-inflammatory massage oil:

• 1 cup yarrow-infused oil

• 1/4 cup arnica-infused oil

• 20 drops peppermint essential oil

• 15 drops eucalyptus essential oil

• 10 drops rosemary essential oil

Combine all ingredients. Massage into sore muscles, arthritic joints, sprains (after acute phase). Warming and anti-inflammatory.

Digestive Bitters Blend

Stimulates digestion, supports liver:

• 2 parts yarrow

• 1 part dandelion root

• 1 part orange peel

• 1/2 part ginger

Make as tincture or tea. Take 15-30 minutes before meals to stimulate digestive juices.

Yarrow Wound Powder

Dry powder for cuts/scrapes (inspired by historical use):

• Grind completely dried yarrow (leaves and flowers) to fine powder using coffee grinder

• Store in airtight container

• Apply small amount to clean, minor wounds

• Helps stop bleeding and prevent infection

• Useful for camping/emergency kits

Sitz Bath for Hemorrhoids

Soothing, astringent, anti-inflammatory:

• 1/2 cup dried yarrow

• 1/4 cup witch hazel bark (or dried witch hazel leaves)

• 1/4 cup chamomile flowers

Steep in large pot of boiling water 30 minutes. Strain into sitz bath. Sit 15-20 minutes daily.

Recommended Texts:

• Gladstar, Rosemary. Herbal Recipes for Vibrant Healthand Medicinal Herbs: A Beginner's Guide

• Wood, Matthew. The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants (extensive yarrow monograph)

• Tierra, Michael. The Way of Herbs

• Hoffman, David. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine

• Grieve, Mrs. M. A Modern Herbal (historical uses)

• de Bairacli Levy, Juliette. Common Herbs for Natural Health (traditional uses)

Scientific Literature:

• Peer-reviewed studies on yarrow's styptic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties

• Research on wound-healing applications

• Studies on traditional uses and pharmacology

Identification Resources:

• Peterson Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs

• Regional wildflower and plant identification guides

• Online plant identification databases (verify with multiple sources)

This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Yarrow has a long history of traditional use and documented effects on blood clotting. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before using herbal products, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications (particularly blood thinners), have blood disorders, or have scheduled surgery. Serious wounds require appropriate medical attention. The author and Wild Clover Farm assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of this information.

Last Updated: December 2024


Author: Lisa, Wild Clover Farm


Growing Zone Reference: USDA Zones 3-9


Farm Location: Central United States, Zone 7b